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Improving Alzheimer’s disease imaging, with fluorescent sensors

by Medical Xpress
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Researchers demonstrate exosomes loaded with fluorescent sensors that can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) where the sensors light up in the presence of neurotransmitters linked to Alzheimer’s disease in the brain. Credit: Adapted from ACS Central Science 2024, DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00563

Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can indicate brain health and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. However, the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes delivering fluorescent sensors that can detect these small molecules to the brain difficult. Now, researchers writing in ACS Central Science demonstrate a way of packaging these sensors for easy passage across the BBB in mice, allowing for improved brain imaging. With further development, this technology could help advance Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and treatment.

It is common for neurotransmitter levels to decrease with age, but low levels of the neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be an indication of Alzheimer’s disease. To measure the location and amount of ATP in the brain, researchers have developed fluorescent from pieces of DNA called aptamers that light up when they bind to a target molecule. Methods for delivering these sensors from the bloodstream to the brain have been developed, but most contain synthetic components that can’t easily cross the BBB.

To develop sensors for live brain imaging, Yi Lu and colleagues encapsulated an ATP aptamer sensor in brain-cell derived microscopic vesicles called exosomes. They tested the new sensor delivery system in lab models of the BBB and in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.

The BBB laboratory model consisted of a layer of endothelial cells on top of a solution containing brain cells. The researchers’ sensor-loaded exosomes were nearly four times more efficient than conventional sensor delivery systems at passing through the endothelial barrier and releasing the fluorescent sensor into the . They confirmed this by measuring the observed level of ATP-binding-induced fluorescence.

Next, Lu’s team injected mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease with either the sensor-loaded exosomes or free-floating unloaded sensors. By measuring fluorescence signals in the , the researchers found that the free-floating sensors stayed mainly in the blood, liver, kidneys and lungs, while sensors delivered via exosomes accumulated in the brain.

In mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, the exosome-delivered sensors identified the location and concentration of ATP in different regions of the brain. Specifically, they observed low levels of ATP in the hippocampus, cortex and subiculum regions of the brain, which are indicative of the disease. The researchers say that their exosome-loaded ATP-reactive sensors show promise for non-invasive live brain imaging and could be developed further to create sensors for a range of clinically relevant neurotransmitters.

More information:
Delivering DNA Aptamers Across the Blood−Brain Barrier Reveals Heterogeneous Decreased ATP in Different Brain Regions of Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models, ACS Central Science (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00563

Citation:
Improving Alzheimer’s disease imaging, with fluorescent sensors (2024, July 31)
retrieved 31 July 2024
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